![]() ![]() ![]() For transport to hit ‘net zero’, the internal combustion engine needs to be eliminated from cars, as recognized by the Committee on Climate Change. Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) are the greatest contributors to carbon emissions in the UK. As a result of these sourcing challenges, mining remains necessary to deliver validated technical solutions needed for the rapid decarbonization demanded in the pledge. Such alternatives, for example, Li-free multivalent metal-ion batteries to replace Li-ion batteries, are less mature in their development and will take time to industrialize 1. Substitution for some of these metals might be possible in alternative technology solutions to reduce reliance on specific commodities, but this is challenging to achieve in such a short timeline. Even for metals, such as aluminium and cobalt, for which end-of-life recycling is up to 70%, secondary supply still only accounts for 30% of their growing demand in the case of lithium, recycling currently only accounts for 1% of present demand, as highlighted in the recycling rates of metals status report of the International Resource Panel. Stocks of secondary supplies and recycling rates are inadequate to meet demand. The ambition is a fully circular economy, in which demand can be satisfied by reuse and recycling however, we are not yet at that point. ![]() Green technology requires non-renewable raw materials sourced from primary geological resources (mines) or secondary supply (reuse or recycling). ![]()
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